It has been 16 years since the AMS (Automated Manifest System) was introduced in the United States, followed by Europe's implementation of the ENS (Entry Summary Declaration). Turkey, in turn, launched its own "arrival notification" system to achieve similar outcomes. The core goals behind the American model were clear from the start: risk analysis — the ability to intervene at an early stage — and transparency.

Automated Manifest Systems: A Timeline

Risk Analysis in International Trade

International trade revolves around three core elements: the buyer, the seller, and the product. Dozens of additional factors — services, infrastructure, finance, government, and transportation — orbit these three fundamentals.

Regardless of the delivery terms agreed upon in a sea freight shipment — whether factory or port delivery — once the goods are loaded onto the vessel, the carrier issues a bill of lading (B/L) to the shipper as proof of receipt and title to the cargo.

Advantages: Developed vs. Developing Countries

FMC Regulations and Their Impact

In 2019, the Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) issued a significant advisory ruling: demurrage and detention charges should not begin until the container is actually retrievable by the consignee — including weekends and public holidays. While not legally binding, FMC guidance carries considerable weight across carriers, terminal operators, and trade companies alike, as it is widely understood to represent the common interest of the industry.